Thermodynamic Calculations of Direct Reduction Smelting Technology of Copper Oxide Ores Based on Smelting Slag from the Yubeidi Site, Yunnan Province

The current research on metallurgical remains from scientific excavations in northeast Yunnan the Bronze Age period is insufficient. In order to study smelting technology of north-eastern Yunnan, samples slag and mineral excavated Yubei Di site Dongchuan were examined. Based outcome characterization analysis, a simulation was executed utilizing software Factsage 7.1 generate phase diagram that accurately portrays melting procedure. This aimed produce most credible representation transition by employing computational methods. Characterisation methods included Metallographic Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive Spectromicropy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Radiocarbon Date (14C dating). results showed there much copper ore left site. Most these ores form ferrite or cuprous oxide. oxide ore, metal particles appeared small amount slag. slags unearthed Yubeidi products sulfur-containing reduction into copper. outcomes simulations, it established mainly process sulphur-containing minerals copper, without consciously adding fluxes, not having mastered slag-making techniques for different types ores, with primitive techniques. carbon 14 dating show age during Spring Autumn Period Warring States Period.